Anti- lock braking system: (ABS) is an automobile safety system , that allows the wheels on a motor vehicle to maintain tractive contact with the road surface according to driver inputs while braking, preventing the wheels from locking up and avoiding uncontrolled skidding. It is an automated system that uses the principles of threshold braking and cadence braking, which were practiced by skill-full drivers with previous generation braking systems.
ABS:Means Anti-Lock Braking system (though majority of Indians call it as anti braking system). In simple words ABS basically means employment of a system that avoids the brakes from locking up(locking of wheel rotation) thereby improving the braking performance as a result.ABS generally offers improved vehicle control and decreases stopping distances on dry and slippery surfaces for many drivers; however, on loose surfaces like gravel or snow covered pavement.
Since initial widespread use in production cars anti-lock braking systems have evolved considerably.Recent versions not only prevent wheel lock under braking,but also electronically control the front-to-rear brakes bias.This function,depending on its specific capabilities and implementation,is known as electronic brake force distribution(EBD),traction control system.emergency brake assist.or electronic stability control(ESC).
WORKING OF ABS:
when you applied brakes with full force, the brakes reached their maximum stopping position causing the wheels to lock up. Now, wheels are locked but due to the weight of car, passengers, and force of speed, the vehicle couldn't be stopped in such short time. Result? The wheels start skidding and/or slipping on the road. This is not enough, as due to locking of wheels, the steering also gets so hard that it cannot be operated or maneuvered right or left to avoid hitting the object in front, so what is the remedy?
Simple, press the brake pedal and as the moment you sense wheel lock up, release the brake and apply again and release and apply. It reduces the braking distance and also the steering is operable due to freedom of movement of wheel. Now this is the role of ABS or anti lock braking system which does the above work. It does this at a much faster rate and with better control than a driver could manage.
Anti-lock braking systems use different schemes depending on the type of brakes in use. They can be differentiated by the number of channels: that is, how many valves that are individually controlled—and the number of speed sensors.
- Four-channel, four-sensor ABS
- This is the best scheme. There is a speed sensor on all four wheels and a separate valve for all four wheels. With this setup, the controller monitors each wheel individually to make sure it is achieving maximum braking force.
- Three-channel, four-sensor ABS
- There is a speed sensor on all four wheels and a separate valve for each of the front wheels, but only one valve for both of the rear wheels. Older vehicles with four-wheel ABS usually use this type.
- Three-channel, three-sensor ABS
- This scheme, commonly found on pickup trucks with four-wheel ABS, has a speed sensor and a valve for each of the front wheels, with one valve and one sensor for both rear wheels. The speed sensor for the rear wheels is located in the rear axle. This system provides individual control of the front wheels, so they can both achieve maximum braking force. The rear wheels, however, are monitored together; they both have to start to lock up before the ABS will activate on the rear. With this system, it is possible that one of the rear wheels will lock during a stop, reducing brake effectiveness. This system is easy to identify, as there are no individual speed sensors for the rear wheels.
- Two-channel, four sensor ABS
- This system, commonly found on passenger cars from the late 80's through early 2000's (before government mandated stability control), uses a speed sensor at each wheel, with one control valve each for the front and rear wheels as a pair. If the speed sensor detect lock up at any individual wheel, the control module pulses the valve for both wheels on that end of the car.
- One-channel, one-sensor ABS
- This system is commonly found on pickup trucks with rear-wheel ABS. It has one valve, which controls both rear wheels, and one speed sensor, located in the rear axle. This system operates the same as the rear end of a three-channel system. The rear wheels are monitored together and they both have to start to lock up before the ABS kicks in. In this system it is also possible that one of the rear wheels will lock, reducing brake effectiveness. This system is also easy to identify, as there are no individual speed sensors for any of the wheels.
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